The Chicano Movement, or El Movimiento, was not a single movement but rather a group of campaigns, organizations, and ideas that arose in response to the racism, poverty, and exploitation that many Chicano people (Mexican Americans who live near the US-Mexico border) faced in the mid-20th-century US. Among the most famous of those campaigns was the United Farmworkers Movement, spearheaded by labor organizers César Chávez and Dolores Huerta to improve working conditions and guarantee union rights for agricultural workers. However, while many Mexican Americans did work in agriculture, so too did many white and Filipino Americans, so the Farmworkers Movement remained somewhat distinct from other elements of the Chicano Movement.

Notable among these was José Ángel Gutiérrez’s founding of the Raza Unida party, which ran on a platform of Chicano nationalism and working-class rights in areas throughout the Southwest. It also organized campaigns by students, parents, and educators to make bilingual education available and to integrate discussion of Chicano history into the curriculum. In fact, it was the 1969 Denver Youth Conference, organized by Chicano leader Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzales in part around issues of education, that resulted in two key developments in the movement: the coining of the term “Chicanismo” to refer to the emerging